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Berber music refers to the musical traditions of the Berbers, an ethnic group native to North Africa west of the Nile Valley and parts of West Africa.〔Muhammad Aurang Zeb Mughal (2012) ('Tunisia' ). Steven Danver (ed.), ''Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures, and Contemporary Issues'', Vol. 3. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, pp. 688-689.〕 Berber culture dates back more than 5,000 years; the Berber people lived in North Africa long before the arrival of some Arab tribes. The Berber language descends from the Afro-Asiatic group, most likely from the Semitic or Chadic branches, and contains many closely related dialects and accents. Berber music varies widely across North West Africa and some of the best known variations can be found in Moroccan music; Kabyle, Chawi and Gasba music from Algeria; and Tuareg from Burkina Faso, Niger and Mali. Ancient Berber music is stylistically diverse with styles including pentatonic music, such instruments as the oboe and the bagpipes, and African rhythms along with singing. These ancient musical traditions have been kept alive by small bands of musicians travelling from village to village, entertaining at weddings and other social events with their songs, tales and poetry. Most Berber music is of the village and urban folk musical variety. Berber music and culture is influenced by the Berber people’s long-standing struggle to achieve basic language rights and identity recognition in modern North African societies, aside from aesthetics and style.〔()〕 ==Musical/Vocal Styles== Berber music is well known for its use of folk oral traditions, as well as particular scales and rhythmic patterns, which include pentatonic music and African rhythms. All these elements are combined together to form one of the main sources of entertainment in Berber social ceremonies like marriages, as well as verses, tales and songs. Berber vocal styles in Morocco consist of two main types. The first, called Ahwash, is exclusively village music, probably unchanged for centuries or longer. Ahwash texts emphasize the submission of the individual to the community. Typically, it consists of two large choruses engaging in call-and-response vocals, accompanied by instrumentalists and dancers. Since this music requires anywhere from 20 to 150 participants, it is not easily portable and so rarely heard in the cities. The second, called Raiss, is performed by smaller groups of professional musicians who blend dance, comedy, and sung poetry. Raiss songs tend to honor orthodox Islam, but with notable dashes of syncretist belief. In these songs, traditions like sacrifices and evil eyes are justified through Islam. Instruments typically include the rebab, a bowed one-stringed string instrument, the lotar lute, hand drums, and bell. One notable feature of rwais melodies is the way they leap up and down in large intervals. The region of Kabylie in Algeria has a very large Berber-speaking population. Vocalists are usually accompanied by a rhythm section, consisting of "tbel", a type of tambourine, and bendir, a frame drum, and a melody section, consisting of a "ghayta" (bagpipe) and "ajuag" (flute). The Berber music of the Tuareg region uses rhythms and vocal styles similar to the music of other Berber, Iberian, and Arab music, while West African call-and-response-style singing is also common. In contrast to many of the region's peoples, among the Tuareg music is mostly the domain of women, especially playing the imzhad, a string instrument like a violin. Tuareg weddings feature unique styles of music, such as women's vocal trilling and special dances (ilkan) of slaves marking the occasion. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Berber music」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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